Recently, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was shown to be an important player in the pathogenesis of NTX, and the humanized monoclonal antibody anti-GM-CSF lenzilumab was able to effectively prevent CD19-CAR-induced neuroinflammation and CRS in preclinical models (70). Here, CSF2 is linked to congenital rubella syndrome.