PTH and Abnormal renal physiology: Furthermore, especially in patients with CKD, in addition to traditional CV risk factors, nontraditional CV risk factors such as renal dysfunction itself and deranged mineral metabolism [e.g., hyperphosphatemia, elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) or fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)] associated with CKD are also associated with AVC [27–31].