BRAF and leukoencephalopathy with calcifications and cysts: With respect to molecular pathways, the same frequency of the oncogenes Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS)and neuroblastoma rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (NRAS)are seen in LCC and RCC, but the rate of v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) mutation has been shown to be significantly higher in RCC [9].