CCL2 and endothelial dysfunction: Notably, the chronic production of pro-inflammatory factors derived from adipocytes [monocyte chemoattractant-protein-1 (MCP-1), IL6] and adipose tissue Mφ (TNF-α, IL1-β) impacts distal sites within the body leading to endothelial dysfunction, and contributes to processes underlying cardiovascular disease, metabolic diseases, and hypertension [100,101].