EGFR and lung carcinoma: Progression-free survival (PFS) could be significantly improved for patients e.g. with EGFR-mutated[5] or ALK-rearranged lung cancers.[6] Osimertinib, a second-generation TKI for EGFR-mutated cancers has recently been shown to significantly prolong overall survival (OS) in comparison to standard EGFR-TKIs.[7],[8] In ALK positive cancers alectinib showed further improvement of PFS compared to first generation substances.[9] However the follow-up time is still too short to conclude about the effect on OS.