TLR1 and cancer: For example, in humans, special SNPs at TLR1 and TLR2 contribute to the course of sepsis [45, 46]; SNP variants of TLR3, TLR4, and TLR7 are promising biomarkers of liver cirrhosis and cancer associated with HBV and HCV infection [47, 48]; heterozygous variants for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLR5 were associated with higher levels of Interferon-gamma secretion [49].