GAPDH and Alzheimer disease: The oxidative dysfunction of GAPDH, such as its dysfunction due to S-nitrosylation [11, 13] and S-glutathionylation [12], has been identified in the AD hippocampus, and S-glutathionylated GAPDH, which is found at 7-fold higher levels in the brains of AD patients compared with control individuals, exhibits the strongest relationship with AD [11].