CSF2 and neoplasm: ONCOS-102 consists of adenovirus engineered to express GM-CSF, which showed preliminary anti-tumor efficacy as a monotherapy.64 ONCOS-102 has been combined with cyclophosphamide in order to upregulate pro-inflammatory immune components and deplete the microenvironment of immunosuppressive cells.65 ONCOS-102 is currently being studied with cyclophosphamide plus other anti-cancer therapies in melanoma (NCT03003676), prostate cancer (NCT03514836), and advanced peritoneal malignancies (NCT02963831).