DYRK1A and Intellectual disability: More recently, DYRK1A haploinsufficiency has been proposed to cause a distinct syndrome, characterized by ASD along with microcephaly, intellectual disability, developmental delay, and/or congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (van Bon et al., 2016; Earl et al., 2017; Ji et al., 2015; Blackburn et al., 2019).