TNF and infection: Guo et al. demonstrated in IL-10 KO mice that AIEC LF82 infection exacerbated colitis and, unlike non-infected mice, AIEC-infected mice presented decreased miRNA let7b, increased TLR4 expression, and increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)) in colonic epithelial cells.