TLR5 and infection: The pro-inflammatory role of flagellin has been confirmed in a mouse model of infection with AIEC bacteria where Carvalho et al. observed that AIEC strain LF82 infection increased expression of TLR5 and NLRC4 and aggravated DSS-induced colitis in mice characterized by severe histopathological damage and increased expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in a flagellin expression-dependent manner [92].