Recent studies performed on monogastric models and humans found high levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1) released during excessive lipid mobilization and uncontrolled inflammation to induce renal artery endothelial dysfunction [62,63,64], thus suggesting also high circulating NEFA and systemic inflammations occurring in dairy cows during TP to play a pivotal role in inducing renal dysfunctions in late gestation. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Abnormal renal physiology.