That said, neutrophil PD-L1 may be of interest in inflammatory diseases such as COPD where neutrophils are abundant, but bacterial clearance appears reduced (Hodge and Reynolds, 2012) and it has been postulated that PD-L1 is reduced on macrophage and dendritic cells in COPD, rather than increased as in cancer (Stoll et al., 2016). Here, CD274 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.