Consistent with clinical transcriptomic analysis in patients with IBD (Fig. 1h), RIS-exposed cells showed initially increased levels of PKR-activated stress-responsive transcription factors, such as ATF3, ATF4, and CHOP, while expression of ER chaperone glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) was suppressed (Fig. 2c). This evidence concerns the gene ATF4 and inflammatory bowel disease.