Based on the assumption that the changes in Cav-1 as the signaling platform may reflect stress responses to chronic luminal insults in patients with IBD, four different global stress-related mammalian eIF2α kinases, including EIF2AK1 (HRI), EIF2AK2 (PKR), EIF2AK3 (PERK), and EIF2AK4 (GCN2), were evaluated in both healthy and IBD patient groups based on a clinical genomic dataset (Fig. 1f). Here, EIF2AK2 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.