Previous studies have shown that radiation activated CD8+ T cells in tumor tissues by killing tumor cells and releasing antigens from these cells.22 However, besides the positive effect on tumor immune microenvironment, radiation also improved to confer negative effect by activating DDR signal pathway, then upregulating PD-L1 expression in tumor cells and increasing infiltration of inhibitory lymphocytes (such as Tregs) in tumor tissues.23–26 These studies suggest that radiation has dual roles in modulating tumor immune microenvironment, which is consistent with our findings. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.