PPARA and breast carcinoma: For example, PML NB–dependent activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α), PPAR signaling and fatty acid β-oxidation were shown to provide a growth advantage to breast cancer cells (Carracedo et al, 2012), and controlled asymmetric division and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (Ito et al, 2012).