TNF and thyroid gland carcinoma: Different cytokines such as transforming growth factors like beta (TGF-β), Interleukins (ILs), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) could stimulate breast and thyroid cancers cellular proliferation and/or invasion (Nicolini et al., 2006; Mesri et al., 2014; Esquivel-Velázquez et al., 2015; Etemadi et al., 2017; Khodabandehlou et al., 2019).