IGF1 and acromegaly: Increased CVD risk and mortality was observed in both IGF-1 deficiency (e.g. Growth hormone deficiency (GHD)) and IGF-1 excess (e.g. acromegaly) groups [51, 52], whereas decreased mortality was found for IGF-I levels between 0 and +1 SD, which is suggested to be the optimal range in adults [52].