TGFB1 and renal fibrosis: After binding to C5aR and C3aR, these anaphylatoxins exert a proinflammatory and fibrogenic activity on tubular and endothelial cells (46, 47), pericytes (31, 48), and resident fibroblasts; moreover, they can mediate renal fibrosis by stimulating transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) production in cultured murine tubular cells.