ALB and cardiovascular disorder: Other studies prospectively assessed the all-cause mortality of 351 patients undergoing percutaneous revascularization for CHD or peripheral artery disease and found that the highest mortality rate was observed in the high indoxyl sulfate and low albumin group, suggesting that a higher indoxyl sulfate level add potentiating effects on lower albumin as a prognostic factor for cardiovascular disease (Watanabe et al., 2019).