MAPK8 and Sepsis: In sepsis, macrophages that exposed to living bacteria or LPS produced large amount of TNF-α, causing massive cell death, organ injury, and fatal shock syndromes that developed in sepsis (Pfeffer et al., 1993), apparently via the over activation of JNK signaling by TNF-α as mice that lack of JNK gene are protected from TNF-α-induced hepatotoxicity (Kodama et al., 2009).