TNF and cancer: A dysregulated immune response to SARS-CoV in TRIF-deficient mice was associated with aberrant antiviral IFN (IFN-α and IFN-β), pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine (IL-6, TNF, IFN-γ and monocyte chemoattractant CCL5), and interferon-stimulated gene (RSAD2, IFIT1 and CXCL10) responses, another possible indicator of cancer risk [11].