TGFB1 and neoplasm: CCL2 may also have an indirect influence on tumoral angiogenesis by attracting tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), which further secrete other pro-angiogenic factors such as VEGF, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and chemokines (CXCL8), as well as proteolytic enzymes MMP-2 and MMP-9 [91].