VCAM1 and complication: Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured as an indicator of oxidative stress; serum vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR-1) reflect the inflammatory activities; serum NGF was measured as a biomarker for neuronal function; serum thromboxane B2 (TXB2) was assessed as elevated production contributes to diabetic microvascular complications [15,16].