TNF and brain ischemia: Pre-treatment of CFT attenuates proinflammatory cytokines, such as Nuclear Factor-κB, interferon-γ, and/or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in various neurological models of PD [36] neuropathy [37], TBI [38] and cerebral ischemia [51].