A phase I/II trial studied the safety and preliminary activity of anti-PD-1 antibody nivolumab (humanised IgG4 monoclonal antibody) in 262 advanced HCC patients with or without HBV or HCV infection received 0.1–10 mg/kg of nivolumab once every 2 weeks (dose-escalating cohort) or at a dose level of 3 mg/kg once every 2 weeks (expansion cohort). Here, PDCD1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.