MTOR and cancer: Metformin activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in cancer cells; inhibits Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Protein kinase B/mammalian Target of Rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) pathway signaling, diminishes insulin and insulin-like growth factor production; and has antimitotic, anti-inflammatory, and antiangiogenic effects [17].