In this review, we describe the epidemiologic characteristics, pathophysiology, clinical and (magnetic resonance imaging) MRI findings, treatment options and prognostic implications in MS and other demyelinating disorders including: neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-antibodies (ab) associated disease, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-IgG associated disease, to provide guidance in the diagnosis of these conditions. This evidence concerns the gene GFAP and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.