Some prolidase-deficient individuals in previous studies only had antibodies against the Sm antigens of the spliceosome, the 60 kD Ro antigen of the Ro-hYRNA complex, chromatin or native DNA, whereas other prolidase-deficient individuals developed an incomplete lupus with serological positivity or a full-blown SLE [54]. The gene discussed is PEPD; the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.