The sustained microglial activation in PD appears likely to reflect DAMP-mediated activation of certain toll-like receptors (notably TLR2 and TLR4), as well as the receptor of advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), the integrin receptor Mac1, and CD11b [25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35]. This evidence concerns the gene ITGAM and Parkinson disease.