As shown in Table 2, beta-blockers were associated with significantly lower mortality (HR = 0.405, 95% CI = 0.233–0.701, p=0.001), after adjusting by age, sex, smoke, stroke, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, history of acute myocardial infarction, heart rate, BNP level, and pulmonary artery pressure, which were commonly considered the factors to affect clinical outcomes, and also adjusting by diastolic blood pressure and albumin level, which were associated with all-cause mortality in univariate regression analysis. The gene discussed is NPPB; the disease is diabetes mellitus.