Preliminary findings confirmed that PCa could be detected based on proPSA isoforms, leading to fewer negative biopsies in cases with PSA levels in the “grey area.” A reliable immunoassay has since been made available on the market by Beckman Coulter to assess [-2] proPSA, and this immunoassay has been extensively investigated for its relevance for use in managing early PCa. Here, KLK3 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.