APP and amyloidosis: In these cells, HIV-1 Tat has been shown to impact amyloidosis by various mechanisms; e.g., HIV-1 Tat disrupts endolysosomal structure and function of neurons, resulting in accumulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), Aβ, and its converting enzyme, β-site cleaving enzyme (BACE1), leading to increased cleavage of APP by BACE1, thus increasing the amyloid burden [14].