Patients that fall in this category (termed XP/CS)manifest, in addition to CS features, the classical XP characteristics (skinpigmentation and extremely high skin cancer predisposition) and harbor mutations inthe genes XPB, XPD, XPG, or (morerecently identified) XPF or ERCC1 (Weeda et al., 1990; Kashiyama et al., 2013; Lehmann et al., 2014; Moriel-Carretero et al.,2015). The gene discussed is ERCC5; the disease is Cowden syndrome 1.