IL10 and colorectal carcinoma: We saw increased IL-10 in the female TME, which increases the activity of Th2-differentiating macrophages as well as directly increasing Th2 activity.38 These findings parallel observed behaviour in sepsis, where there is an increase of macrophages and macrophage activity locally, but a lower systemic inflammatory response in females.7 The importance of various macrophage phenotypes is not fully understood in CRC, and further study into the activity of these cells will increase our understanding of the basis of their potential benefit and role in the TME.