IL-10 and TGFβ-1 serum concentrations decreased in all the groups; IL-25 and IL-6 decreased in the NoAF and POAF groups only, and sST2 in the AF group only (at T0, serum concentrations of these cytokines but not TGFβ-1 were greater in patients than in healthy controls, see Table 1). This evidence concerns the gene IL6 and atrial fibrillation.