This notion is supported by other studies associating the enrichment of CD103+ TILs with better clinical outcome in patients with either melanoma, colorectal or lung cancer.100,114,115 Also, preclinical studies found that the lack of E-cadherin on some melanoma cells can impair the overall antitumor responsiveness of murine CD103+ Trm cells, even after anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 treatments.116 However, it was unclear how exactly the presence of CD103 contributes toward tumor control. Here, CTLA4 is linked to melanoma.