Indeed, the adaptive immune responses to the β-coronaviruses, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, are that can cause fatal lower respiratory tract infections, are marshalled by T cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells, through among other processes, activate other downstream cytokine and chemokine cascades, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-21 and TNF-β [56]. Here, IL6 is linked to Recurrent lower respiratory tract infections.