TNF and Arthritis: These observations suggest various possible strategies to ameliorate arthritis in CIA: (1) inhibition of the production or neutralization of CII-specific IgG, (2) suppression of the arthritogenic pathway (Th1 → IFNγ → M1 macrophages → TNF-α) (McCann et al. 2014; Xu et al. 2017; Ye et al. 2014).