In subsequent in vitro and in vivo experiments (Stahnke et al. 2017; Komiya et al. 2017; Medina et al. 2019), PFD has been defined to inhibit the production and release of pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TGF-β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6, thereby postponing fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is polyostotic fibrous dysplasia.