On the contrary, β-catenin could eliminate the effect of PFD and enhance the protein levels of β-catenin, TGF-β1, TGF-βRΙ, TGF-βRΙΙ and p-Smad2/3 in cells (P < 0.05, Fig. 4d-j). This evidence concerns the gene SMAD2 and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia.