Moreover, this study also found that PFD inhibited the mRNA and protein levelss of vimentin and N-cadherin as well as promoted the mRNA and protein levels of E-cadherin while retarding the activation of Wnt/GSK-3β/β-catenin and TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathways. Here, SMAD2 is linked to polyostotic fibrous dysplasia.