In Wnt/GSK-3β/β-catenin and TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathways, WB analysis indicated that TGF-β1 promoted the mRNA and protein levels of p-GSK-3β S9, β-catenin, TGF-β1, TGF-βRΙ, TGF-βRΙΙ and p-Smad2/3 in HLFs, which could be rescued by the treatment of PFD (P < 0.01, Fig. 4d-j). The gene discussed is SMAD2; the disease is polyostotic fibrous dysplasia.