HLA-E mRNA expression was upregulated by 8-fold in human islets of donors with recent-onset T1D in the DiViD study27 and HLA-E protein expression was significantly increased in insulin-containing islets, but not in insulin-deficient islets, of T1D individuals in comparison to healthy individuals (Fig. 3h, i). The gene discussed is HLA-E; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.