To assess whether our in vitro model is relevant for the in vivo islet inflammation (insulitis) in T1D, we took two approaches: (1) Examine whether candidate genes for T1D expressed in human islets are involved in IFN signaling (Supplementary Fig. 2a); and (2) Compare our in vitro data of IFNα-treated EndoC-βH1 cells and human islets with available RNA-seq data of human beta cells from T1D patients. Here, IFNA1 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.