RUNX2 and posterior cortical atrophy: Additionally, the transcription factor, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2, an essential factor in osteogenesis which is hyperactivated in PCa cells) is phosphorylated by the integrin avβ3/Smad5 cascade, CD44, and integrin avβ3/Src/rac1 signaling and activates CXCR7 and Akt, which upregulate NF-κB resulting in receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) overexpression, which can induce osteoclastogenesis [69,70,71,72,73,74].