In particular, combination of anti-PD-1 nivolumab and anti-CTLA-4 ipililumab has been tested in Phase II or III studies in a number of solid cancers, from melanoma [131,132,133,134], to renal [135,136], colon [137,138], esophageal [139], sarcoma [140], lung cancers [141,142,143,144] and mesothelioma [145] (Table 5). The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is melanoma.