Other MAPK members have been upregulated by HMGB1 including cell division control protein 42 homolog (Cdc42)/Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1)/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6 (MKK6)/p38 that led to the proliferation of human rhabdomyosarcoma [61] and hepatocellular carcinoma [59]. Here, CDC42 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.