MAPK9 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Additionally, another member of MAPKs, stress-activated protein kinases (SAPK)/ c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), has been shown to be upregulated due to the HMGB1-RAGE activation in glioma, murine Lewis lung carcinoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [59,62].