TNF and Huntington disease: Recently, it has been shown that neuroinflammatory microglia activation can induce the formation of a specific type of reactive neurotoxic astrocytes, named A1, through the secretion of specific cytokines interleukin-1α (IL-1α), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and complement component 1q (C1q), and that reactive A1 astrocytes are abundant in post-mortem tissue of HD patients [38].