CD40LG and fetal growth restriction: Furthermore, our analysis from shared transcripts between PE and IUGR also showed dysregulation of genes involved in several immunologic responses such as cytokine-mediated signaling pathways, inflammatory response, and immune regulation, including CD40L, TNFRSF8, IL1R2, LRRC15, and ZNF683, as well as genes related to the JACK-STAT cascade such as PRL and OLAH. This is in accordance with a growing body of evidence for both PE and IUGR regarding the excessive inflammatory up-regulation and is now considered to be a signature for placental ischemia [19,80,81,82].