As ADAR1 is able to act as an oncogene and its overexpression plays a role in the carcinogenesis of HCC [77], intervention of ADAR1 activity may also be a promising approach as an effective immunotherapy in patients with HCC refractory to ICIs due to the lack of CD8+ TILs (Figure 2d). Here, ADAR is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.