PDCD1 and neoplasm: VEGF is also critical for inhibition of the maturation of dendric cells (DCs) by activating NF-κB, production of IDO in tumor cell and macrophage, T-cell exhaustion by inducing PD-1, LAG-3 and TIM-3, accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and inhibition of natural killer cell activity [6,67].