TLR4 and infection: Following infection of hma mice with 108 viable C. coli cells by gavage on days 0 and 1, the pathogen could stably colonize the intestines of mice in a TLR4-independent manner, as indicated by high median loads of more than 108 colony forming units (CFU) per g feces, in both TLR4-/- IL10-/- and IL10-/- mice, until the end of the observation period at day 21 post-infection (Figure 1).