As indomethacin causes a decrease in Nrf2 activation in rat gastric mucosa and activates the NF-κB pathway and IL-8 production in Caco-2 cells [79], derived peptides from GMP hydrolysis may be also directly modulating the antioxidant or anti-inflammatory activity on NSAID-enteropathy. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL8 and Abnormal intestine morphology.