Carter et al. tried to understand how IL-1β could be involved in the cross-talk between AML and MSCs and discovered that MSCs co-cultured with AML cells upregulate the apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC), which induces IL-1β expression in AML blasts, that in turn augments the production of CCL2, CCL4, and CXCL12 by MSCs [72]. Here, CCL4 is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.