GNA11 and hepatocellular carcinoma: In the validation dataset, anti-PAX5 and anti-GNA11 autoantibodies showed little difference in their levels between the HCC patients and NCs, and the level of anti-PTEN autoantibody was lower in the HCC patients than in the NCs, while the other indicators all presented higher levels in the HCC patients than in the NCs, as shown in Figure 2c.